Craving is strongly associated with patients returning to opioid misuse and is therefore an important treatment target to reduce the risk of relapse and improve patients’ quality of life. In this review, we describe the neurobiological and neuroendocrine pathways that underpin craving in OUD and also focus on the importance of assessing and treating craving in clinical practice. Craving, defined as an overwhelmingly strong desire or need to use a drug, is a central component of OUD and other substance use disorders. It is a chronic and complex neurobiological disease associated with frequent relapse to drug taking. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health issue that has reached epidemic levels in some parts of the world.
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